The fatal flaw of the Vienna settlement was its contempt for national self-determination. The map of 1815 deliberately ignored the aspirations of Italians (who remained under Austrian heel in Lombardy-Venetia), Germans (divided into 39 states with no unity), and Poles (partitioned again among Russia, Prussia, and Austria). As Mahajan would note, repression did not destroy these ideas; it radicalized them. Secret societies like the Carbonari in Italy shifted from reform to armed insurrection. By the 1820s, revolutions in Spain, Naples, and Greece showed that Metternich’s “fire brigade” system could only extinguish flames locally, not remove the fuel. The Greek War of Independence (1821–1829) was particularly damaging to the Congress System, as Russia and Britain supported Greek nationalism against their fellow signatory, the Ottoman Empire, proving that the great powers would abandon the principle of legitimacy when it suited their interests.
It seems you are referring to a specific excerpt or page (perhaps page 55) from V.D. Mahajan’s History of Modern Europe Since 1789 . While I cannot reproduce copyrighted material from that page, I can infer that a textbook of this nature at that point (page 55) would likely be discussing the —specifically the immediate aftermath of the Congress of Vienna. history of modern europe since 1789 by vd mahajan pdf 55
V.D. Mahajan's "History of Modern Europe Since 1789" is a comprehensive text covering European political and social transformations, often used for competitive exams. Around page 55, the text focuses on the National Convention's foreign policy and the transition into the Reign of Terror. For more information, visit newbooksnbooks.pk . Full text of "History Of Modern Europe Since 1789" The fatal flaw of the Vienna settlement was
"History of Modern Europe Since 1789" is known for its comprehensive and engaging narrative. Some of the key features of the book include: Secret societies like the Carbonari in Italy shifted
The book provides a detailed account of European history from 1789 to the present day, covering the following periods:
