: Koestler argues against the "behaviorist" view that the human mind is simply a machine or a chemical computer. The "Ghost" Metaphor
While Koestler's ideas have been influential in a range of fields, they have also been subject to criticism and debate. Some have argued that his theory of the disintegrating self is too pessimistic, or that it relies too heavily on anecdotal evidence. Others have questioned his use of terminology, arguing that his concept of holarchy is too vague or too all-encompassing.
