| Commodity | Main Origin(s) | Transit Pathways Through the Arab World | Key Destinations | |-----------|----------------|------------------------------------------|------------------| | | Colombia, Peru | West‑African coast → Mauritania/Morocco → Iberian Peninsula → Gulf (UAE, Qatar) via maritime containers; also via air cargo through Dubai. | Europe, USA, Gulf states. | | Heroin | Afghanistan, Pakistan (Golden Crescent) | Overland through Iran → Iraq → Syria → Lebanon → Mediterranean; also via Red Sea (Yemen, Sudan) to Gulf ports. | Europe, Gulf, North Africa. | | Synthetic Opioids (Fentanyl, analogues) | China, Southeast Asia | Air freight through Dubai, Doha, Riyadh; hidden in electronics or pharma shipments . | High‑income Gulf markets, Europe. | | Cannabis/Hashish | Morocco, Lebanon | Direct export via maritime routes to Europe; intra‑regional smuggling to GCC via land crossings (Saudi‑Yemen, Saudi‑Jordan). | Europe, Gulf, North Africa. | | New Psychoactive Substances (NPS) | Europe & Asia | E‑commerce platforms; shipments concealed in personal luggage and postal parcels . | Urban centers (Riyadh, Cairo, Tunis). |
Arabic Topic Classification Corpus of the Nakba Short Stories arab nar com